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The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s–1920

(a) Explain why successive US governments took little action to limit private corporations.

(b) How important were the railroads to the industrialisation of the USA?

23:T15e4,{ "questionId": "326876", "parts": [ { "partId": "a", "markschemeText": "Explain why successive US governments took little action to limit private corporations.\n\nIndicative content\n• Administrations were reluctant to introduce legislation – even though they said they were committed to improving the lot of workers; they thought workers would be worse off with no big business to employ them.\n• Big businesses had substantial influence on government at all levels. They used this influence to limit the scope of legislation. The influence also made enforcement difficult at state level.\n• In constitutional terms, regulation of business lay within the scope of state rather than federal government. Ongoing tensions over states’ rights meant federal government was reluctant to intervene as this could be interpreted as an encroachment on states’ rights. However, state governments could not easily take action against big business either, because big businesses and corporations operated across state boundaries and companies would simply move their HQ to another state if interfered with.\n• The US regarded itself as ‘the land of the free’ where government did not interfere with the rights of individuals to run businesses. Ideally, government was ‘small government.’ Intervention was seen as ‘un-American.’\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 10, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Indicative content

Administrations were reluctant to introduce legislation – even though they said they were committed to improving the lot of workers; they thought workers would be worse off with no big business to employ them.
Big businesses had substantial influence on government at all levels. They used this influence to limit the scope of legislation. The influence also made enforcement difficult at state level.
In constitutional terms, regulation of business lay within the scope of state rather than federal government. Ongoing tensions over states’ rights meant federal government was reluctant to intervene as this could be interpreted as an encroachment on states’ rights. However, state governments could not easily take action against big business either, because big businesses and corporations operated across state boundaries and companies would simply move their HQ to another state if interfered with.
The US regarded itself as ‘the land of the free’ where government did not interfere with the rights of individuals to run businesses. Ideally, government was ‘small government.’ Intervention was seen as ‘un-American.’

Accept any other valid responses.

\n ", "marks": 10, "guideline": "" } ] }, { "partId": "b", "markschemeText": "How important were the railroads to the industrialisation of the USA?\n\nIndicative content\nThe railroads are usually seen as being extremely important in that they created an integrated national market for foodstuffs, goods and services. They also stimulated demand for iron and steel which were the foundation stones of industrialisation. The growth of railroads also created infrastructure which was vital to the modernisation of the USA. As the major new industry of the era and needing great investment, the railroads helped stimulate the growth of US banking and finance.\n\nHowever, it can be argued that the economic benefits of the railroads were less important than other factors such as technological innovations, e.g. electric lighting and dynamos. Similarly, it might be argued that the availability of cheap labour from the growth in immigration promoted industrialisation more so than the railroad. Business entrepreneurs such as Rockefeller and Carnegie may be identified as being more closely associated with industrialisation, as might Protective Tariffs which ensured the domestic market was able to flourish without too much competition from foreign imports.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 20, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Indicative content

The railroads are usually seen as being extremely important in that they created an integrated national market for foodstuffs, goods and services. They also stimulated demand for iron and steel which were the foundation stones of industrialisation. The growth of railroads also created infrastructure which was vital to the modernisation of the USA. As the major new industry of the era and needing great investment, the railroads helped stimulate the growth of US banking and finance.

However, it can be argued that the economic benefits of the railroads were less important than other factors such as technological innovations, e.g. electric lighting and dynamos. Similarly, it might be argued that the availability of cheap labour from the growth in immigration promoted industrialisation more so than the railroad. Business entrepreneurs such as Rockefeller and Carnegie may be identified as being more closely associated with industrialisation, as might Protective Tariffs which ensured the domestic market was able to flourish without too much competition from foreign imports.

Accept any other valid responses.

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