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But in that process, the drug war led to unintended consequences that have proliferated violence around the world and contributed to mass incarceration in the US, even if it has made drugs less accessible and reduced potential levels of drug abuse. There could be arguments that drug use was reduced and that a clear signal was made about the dangers and legality of drugs in line with Nixon's initial concerns of the damaging social and medical consequences.\n\nHowever, the discussion could be about whether the negative consequences of hard-line policies, imprisonment raids and the so-called balloon effects have been greater than the social gains, especially as enforcement increased social and racial tensions. One consequence has been large number of arrests – by the 1980s there were over 580,000 annually. The proportion of people in US jails on drug-related offenses saw a big increase. 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An unforeseen effect of rising prices and potency is greater incidence of serious overdose. Unforeseen effects on restrictions of the use of needles has been the spread of disease from contamination. By falling more heavily on smaller users and raising prices tended to lead to the growth of cartels much in the same way that Prohibition led to gangsterism. It has been claimed that the war has encouraged drug cartels as smaller dealers and users are more likely to be those caught in the net of state action. Spiralling violence might have been the result of the need for more intense police actions. It could be argued that, as with Prohibition, an unintended consequence has been corruption. This increased with the provision for the seizure of assets derived from drug crime. There has also been the militarisation of the police – involved in a 'war' and not just enforcement of laws. 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In the 1970s, President Richard Nixon formally launched the war on drugs to eradicate illicit drug use in the US.

Under the Reagan administration, what followed was the escalation of global military and police efforts against drugs. But in that process, the drug war led to unintended consequences that have proliferated violence around the world and contributed to mass incarceration in the US, even if it has made drugs less accessible and reduced potential levels of drug abuse. There could be arguments that drug use was reduced and that a clear signal was made about the dangers and legality of drugs in line with Nixon's initial concerns of the damaging social and medical consequences.

However, the discussion could be about whether the negative consequences of hard-line policies, imprisonment raids and the so-called balloon effects have been greater than the social gains, especially as enforcement increased social and racial tensions. One consequence has been large number of arrests – by the 1980s there were over 580,000 annually. The proportion of people in US jails on drug-related offenses saw a big increase. The social effects have been considerable with criminal records for drug possession affecting job opportunities. Statistically the proportion of Black and Hispanic Americans affected has been higher than for White Americans so one consequence has been to exacerbate racial divides, the costs of this policing has been considerable in financial terms. The consequences of the policy have been felt overseas with US operations in Mexico and Afghanistan. Reduction in drug use by a concerted effort has had effects on public health, the economy, crime. The dangers of capture and imprisonment have driven drug dealers out of the market. However, critics of the war point to this driving dealing further underground and raising prices. It has also led to tainted drugs as dealers try to economise to meet what is a virtual tax on their activities in the form of the costs of prison. In economic terms there has also been an increase in higher potency drugs offering greater effects in smaller units. An unforeseen effect of rising prices and potency is greater incidence of serious overdose. Unforeseen effects on restrictions of the use of needles has been the spread of disease from contamination. By falling more heavily on smaller users and raising prices tended to lead to the growth of cartels much in the same way that Prohibition led to gangsterism. It has been claimed that the war has encouraged drug cartels as smaller dealers and users are more likely to be those caught in the net of state action. Spiralling violence might have been the result of the need for more intense police actions. It could be argued that, as with Prohibition, an unintended consequence has been corruption. This increased with the provision for the seizure of assets derived from drug crime. There has also been the militarisation of the police – involved in a 'war' and not just enforcement of laws. A controversial effect of drug legislation was suggested to be the Nixon's administration desire to strike at groups they saw as enemies – the 'hippy' left and radical Blacks.

This remains a controversial topic and responses could balance obvious benefits in the sense of deterrence, greater awareness of the dangers of drugs, a determination to deal with what Nixon called 'public enemy number one' and the assault on crime and activity which endangered public health with some unforeseen consequences both at home and abroad.

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Analyse the outcomes of the 'war on drugs' in the 1980s.

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