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The Great Crash, the Great Depression and the New Deal policies, 1920–41

(a) Explain why Roosevelt began his presidency with a ‘Hundred Days’ plan.

(b) How far were government policies during the 1920s responsible for the Great Crash?

23:T29ca,{ "questionId": "331775", "parts": [ { "partId": "a", "markschemeText": "Explain why Roosevelt began his presidency with a ‘Hundred Days’ plan.\n\n• Although elected in November 1932, Roosevelt was not inaugurated until March 1933, and in that time the economic depression in the United States had deepened and its impact worsened. Therefore, taking action was the priority as president.\n• As well as objective external factors which required urgent action, there were also political reasons for acting so quickly. His election gave Roosevelt a store of popularity, which he could use to overcome the obstacles to effective government presented by the US Constitution, and especially the separation of powers. As a result, Roosevelt saw the need to take drastic action in his first 100 days.\n• His first action was to close all the banks for four days. This was designed to stabilise the system and allow for an audit of all banks. Only once deemed to be credible under the Emergency Banking Relief Act were banks allowed to reopen.\n• The Banking Act of 1933 sought to deal with the speculative anarchy, which had played a key role in the 1929 Crash. This included a federal guarantee of all bank deposits (temporarily $2500 per accountholder, rising permanently to $5000 from July 1934), separation of commercial and investment banking, and strengthening of the Federal Reserve's ability to stabilise the economy.\n• The Federal Emergency Relief Administration pumped $500 million into state-run welfare programs (supplied $3.1 billion by the time of its closure in December 1935). FDR recognised the need for a support system for the poor.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 10, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Although elected in November 1932, Roosevelt was not inaugurated until March 1933, and in that time the economic depression in the United States had deepened and its impact worsened. Therefore, taking action was the priority as president.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

As well as objective external factors which required urgent action, there were also political reasons for acting so quickly. His election gave Roosevelt a store of popularity, which he could use to overcome the obstacles to effective government presented by the US Constitution, and especially the separation of powers. As a result, Roosevelt saw the need to take drastic action in his first 100 days.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

His first action was to close all the banks for four days. This was designed to stabilise the system and allow for an audit of all banks. Only once deemed to be credible under the Emergency Banking Relief Act were banks allowed to reopen.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

The Banking Act of 1933 sought to deal with the speculative anarchy, which had played a key role in the 1929 Crash. This included a federal guarantee of all bank deposits (temporarily $2500 per accountholder, rising permanently to $5000 from July 1934), separation of commercial and investment banking, and strengthening of the Federal Reserve's ability to stabilise the economy.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

The Federal Emergency Relief Administration pumped $500 million into state-run welfare programs (supplied $3.1 billion by the time of its closure in December 1935). FDR recognised the need for a support system for the poor.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." } ] }, { "partId": "b", "markschemeText": "How far were government policies during the 1920s responsible for the Great Crash?\n\nImpact of government policies:\n• America tried to sell its surplus goods in Europe. However, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922 had led to European countries imposing tariffs on American goods. This meant American goods were too expensive to buy in Europe and, as a result, there was not much trade between America and Europe.\n• The laissez-faire policies of the Republican presidents of the 1920s meant that there was little regulation in the economy. Banks were unregulated and even before the crash many went out of business leaving customers with no way of getting their money back. Many banks were small and local rather than national, which meant they had no way of dealing with a shock like the Wall Street Crash.\n• Low interest rates encouraged share speculation and the practice of buying on the margin.\n\nOther factors as causes of the Wall Street Crash:\n• Overproduction in the agricultural sector – As farming techniques improved, farmers started producing more food. However, the demand for grain fell in America because of Prohibition and changes in tastes in food. There was also less demand from Europeans for food from America, because they were growing their own crops and there was a tariff war.\n• Overproduction of consumer goods – By the end of the 1920s, there were too many consumer goods unsold in the USA. Mass production methods led to supply outstripping demand. People who could afford items had already purchased them, such as cars and household gadgets. Also, people in agriculture and the traditional industries, who were on low wages, could not afford consumer goods. This led to workers being laid off, which reduced demand for goods even further.\n• Shares and Speculation – The government’s selling of war bonds during World War One meant ordinary people became attracted to investments. Their interest continued in the 1920s, especially when they saw wealthy people making huge profits from buying and selling shares. Many Americans who could ill-afford to lose money became caught up in this disastrous type of speculation. Some people even bought shares ‘on the margin’, i.e., they borrowed money to buy shares and then held on to them until they were worth more than the debt. Then they sold the shares, paid off the original debt and made a profit.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 20, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Impact of government policies: America tried to sell its surplus goods in Europe. However, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922 had led to European countries imposing tariffs on American goods. This meant American goods were too expensive to buy in Europe and, as a result, there was not much trade between America and Europe.

\n ", "marks": 4, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Impact of government policies: The laissez-faire policies of the Republican presidents of the 1920s meant that there was little regulation in the economy. Banks were unregulated and even before the crash many went out of business leaving customers with no way of getting their money back. Many banks were small and local rather than national, which meant they had no way of dealing with a shock like the Wall Street Crash.

\n ", "marks": 4, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Impact of government policies: Low interest rates encouraged share speculation and the practice of buying on the margin.

\n ", "marks": 3, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Other factors as causes of the Wall Street Crash: Overproduction in the agricultural sector – As farming techniques improved, farmers started producing more food. However, the demand for grain fell in America because of Prohibition and changes in tastes in food. There was also less demand from Europeans for food from America, because they were growing their own crops and there was a tariff war.

\n ", "marks": 3, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Other factors as causes of the Wall Street Crash: Overproduction of consumer goods – By the end of the 1920s, there were too many consumer goods unsold in the USA. Mass production methods led to supply outstripping demand. People who could afford items had already purchased them, such as cars and household gadgets. Also, people in agriculture and the traditional industries, who were on low wages, could not afford consumer goods. This led to workers being laid off, which reduced demand for goods even further.

\n ", "marks": 3, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Other factors as causes of the Wall Street Crash: Shares and Speculation – The government’s selling of war bonds during World War One meant ordinary people became attracted to investments. Their interest continued in the 1920s, especially when they saw wealthy people making huge profits from buying and selling shares. Many Americans who could ill-afford to lose money became caught up in this disastrous type of speculation. Some people even bought shares ‘on the margin’, i.e., they borrowed money to buy shares and then held on to them until they were worth more than the debt. Then they sold the shares, paid off the original debt and made a profit.

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