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The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920

(a) Explain why new inventions were important to the rapid industrialisation of the late nineteenth century.

(b) ‘The impact of the Progressive Movement was significant.’ How far do you agree with this view?

23:T1c51,{ "questionId": "331794", "parts": [ { "partId": "a", "markschemeText": "Explain why new inventions were important to the rapid industrialisation of the late nineteenth century.\n\nIndicative content\n\n• Electrical power, the internal combustion engine, the typewriter [1867], celluloid, an early form of plastic [1870] and the telephone [1876] are all technological innovations relevant to this period. Collectively they give rise to the period being described by some as 'the second industrial revolution'.\n• While many inventions were labour-saving devices, causing unemployment, others resulted in new products and services which were bought by the 'early adopters' of the time, thus creating new employment opportunities.\n• There were also developments such as the Bessemer process which transformed the steel industry and led to much more efficient production.\n• Many new inventions in the period helped reduce the cost of production which enabled mass production methods that would supercharge the economy.\n• The thirst to find new inventions and processes often required capital investment which encouraged the development of the banking system.\n\nNote: any mention of production line techniques are not valid as Ford only invented it in 1913.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 10, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Electrical power, the internal combustion engine, the typewriter [1867], celluloid, an early form of plastic [1870] and the telephone [1876] are all technological innovations relevant to this period. Collectively they give rise to the period being described by some as 'the second industrial revolution'.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "" }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

While many inventions were labour-saving devices, causing unemployment, others resulted in new products and services which were bought by the 'early adopters' of the time, thus creating new employment opportunities.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "" }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

There were also developments such as the Bessemer process which transformed the steel industry and led to much more efficient production.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "" }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Many new inventions in the period helped reduce the cost of production which enabled mass production methods that would supercharge the economy.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Note: any mention of production line techniques are not valid as Ford only invented it in 1913." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

The thirst to find new inventions and processes often required capital investment which encouraged the development of the banking system.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "" } ] }, { "partId": "b", "markschemeText": "'The impact of the Progressive Movement was significant.' How far do you agree with this view?\n\nIndicative content\n\nPossible discussion of achievements of Progressivism:\n\nProgressive politicians achieved the passage of political reforms, e.g. the amendments which allowed for the direct elections of US Senators; party primaries; referenda and initiatives; votes for women.\n\nThey improved regulation of business, especially big business via trust-busting laws and policies, food and drugs laws, railroad fares.\n\nGovernment financial policies via the Federal Reserve Board, federal income tax.\n\nIncreased investment in conservation with the growth of national parks, especially under Theodore Roosevelt.\n\nPossible discussion of limits of Progressivism:\n\nIn arguing that the Progressive Movement was less successful, there was limited impact of many reforms, especially political and regulatory. While Prohibition was passed in 1919, its implementation caused more problems such as crime.\n\nIt has also been argued that there was neglect of the African American society, especially during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson, who was a Southern Democrat.\n\nCandidates might also point to the limited impact on workers' rights and organised labour before 1920 as well unsuccessful attempts to improve living conditions in cities.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 20, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Progressive politicians achieved the passage of political reforms, e.g. the amendments which allowed for the direct elections of US Senators; party primaries; referenda and initiatives; votes for women.

2022 - M/J - 9489/22 | Q1

Question (1/2)