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The Great Crash, the Great Depression and the New Deal policies, 1920–41

(a) Explain why ‘Hoovervilles’ were built in some American cities after 1929.

(b) ‘The Second New Deal was more progressive than the First.’ How far do you agree?

23:T1413,{ "questionId": "331823", "parts": [ { "partId": "a", "markschemeText": "Explain why ‘Hoovervilles’ were built in some American cities after 1929.\n\nIndicative content\n\n• ‘Hoovervilles’ was the name given to shanty towns and makeshift housing sites occupied by people impacted by the Great Depression. The name was meant to bring shame on President Hoover for doing nothing to help with unemployment or the crisis which America found itself in.\n• Between 1928 and 1932 around 100 000 people a week lost their jobs.\n• As they were unemployed, they could not pay their rent and were evicted from their homes.\n• Many had nowhere else to go and so were forced to build temporary shelters with any waste materials they could find. These became shanty towns or Hoovervilles.\n• Their existence highlighted the lack of help for people who were impacted by the Depression.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 10, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Indicative content

‘Hoovervilles’ was the name given to shanty towns and makeshift housing sites occupied by people impacted by the Great Depression. The name was meant to bring shame on President Hoover for doing nothing to help with unemployment or the crisis which America found itself in.
Between 1928 and 1932 around 100 000 people a week lost their jobs.
As they were unemployed, they could not pay their rent and were evicted from their homes.
Many had nowhere else to go and so were forced to build temporary shelters with any waste materials they could find. These became shanty towns or Hoovervilles.
Their existence highlighted the lack of help for people who were impacted by the Depression.

Accept any other valid responses.

\n ", "marks": 10, "guideline": "" } ] }, { "partId": "b", "markschemeText": "‘The Second New Deal was more progressive than the First.’ How far do you agree?\n\nIndicative content\n\nMany commentators suggest that ‘The first New Deal focused on relief and recovery, the second on reform’.\n\nPossible discussion points include how the First New Deal of 1933–34 included federal action to relieve unemployment such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and economic hardship, such as the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. It also stabilised the banking system and saw the USA leave the gold standard to allow for the inflation of the US economy. Also, much legislative and executive activity led to some relief and some recovery, if not a great deal of either. The Second New Deal of 1935–38 was more ambitious in its focus on reform as FDR articulated his vision of the future USA in 1934–35. The Social Security Act, introducing old age pensions, was the most radical social reform of the era while the Wagner Act established a new basis for labour relations – even if FDR was not keen on all aspects. Furthermore,the Wealth Tax Act was more symbolic than effective. The Emergency Relief Appropriations Act did much to provide effective work relief in the late 1930s.\n\nWhen considering these ideas candidates should use some measure of ‘progressive’ to come to a judgement about the statement.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 20, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Indicative content

Many commentators suggest that ‘The first New Deal focused on relief and recovery, the second on reform’.

Possible discussion points include how the First New Deal of 1933–34 included federal action to relieve unemployment such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and economic hardship, such as the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. It also stabilised the banking system and saw the USA leave the gold standard to allow for the inflation of the US economy. Also, much legislative and executive activity led to some relief and some recovery, if not a great deal of either. The Second New Deal of 1935–38 was more ambitious in its focus on reform as FDR articulated his vision of the future USA in 1934–35. The Social Security Act, introducing old age pensions, was the most radical social reform of the era while the Wagner Act established a new basis for labour relations – even if FDR was not keen on all aspects. Furthermore,the Wealth Tax Act was more symbolic than effective. The Emergency Relief Appropriations Act did much to provide effective work relief in the late 1930s.

When considering these ideas candidates should use some measure of ‘progressive’ to come to a judgement about the statement.

Accept any other valid responses.

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