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Women had played an important role in Civil Rights campaigns but did not always see fellow campaigners as anxious about women’s rights. This linked with another element – the role of individual campaigners like Casey Haden and Mary King, and an appreciation of the importance of organisations as in the creation of NOW. Also significant was the growth of a distinct feminist ideology and the role of Betty Friedan and the highly influential Feminine Mystique which challenged post war assumptions about the role of women and unusually for a polemical work became a best seller. The campaign for an Equal Rights Amendment offered a distinct goal for feminism and the disappointment that after passing congress it failed to be ratified could be seen as a driving force.\n\nOther factors to consider could be the social changes resulting from the Pill, first approved in 1960 and being used by six million women within five years. 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Whether this was a direct result of feminism or of other social factors such as more education, relative prosperity, broader interest in civil rights and equality, new technology, better communications or ore urbanization might be debated and the actual extent of the impact in terms of equal access to higher paid positions, any radical change in male attitudes, and whether this was as true for minorities as for white women.", "totalMarks": 30, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

What is sometimes called second wave feminism could be seen to have been inspired by Civil Rights actions and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited gender discrimination. Women had played an important role in Civil Rights campaigns but did not always see fellow campaigners as anxious about women’s rights. This linked with another element – the role of individual campaigners like Casey Haden and Mary King, and an appreciation of the importance of organisations as in the creation of NOW. Also significant was the growth of a distinct feminist ideology and the role of Betty Friedan and the highly influential Feminine Mystique which challenged post war assumptions about the role of women and unusually for a polemical work became a best seller. The campaign for an Equal Rights Amendment offered a distinct goal for feminism and the disappointment that after passing congress it failed to be ratified could be seen as a driving force.

Other factors to consider could be the social changes resulting from the Pill, first approved in 1960 and being used by six million women within five years. That some states made this illegal was a spur to radicalism while control of family size was a way forward for many women to diversify activities and take up feminist causes. The publicity given to radical actions such as the 1968 protests against the Miss America beauty pageant may have raised awareness, but a more important long-term development was the growth of women’s education in the period. In terms of impact, responses might assess the relative importance of self-awareness, the extent of organisation – with 14 000 women attending the National Women’s Conference in 1977 and 35 states ratifying the EAR after a national campaign. Time magazine in 1975 saw women arriving like a new immigrant wave, as police, in the judiciary, in the armed forces, in traditional male occupations, in journalism and in higher roles in business. It saw an erosion of traditional attitudes and a new relationship between the sexes and above all a new confidence. Whether this was a direct result of feminism or of other social factors such as more education, relative prosperity, broader interest in civil rights and equality, new technology, better communications or ore urbanization might be debated and the actual extent of the impact in terms of equal access to higher paid positions, any radical change in male attitudes, and whether this was as true for minorities as for white women.

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