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Eisenhower appointed a progressive Attorney General and Earl Warren to the Supreme Court in 1953, He carried on some promotion of equality, desegregating Washington and integrating the military, though was not a highly active or enthusiastic reformer. The most notable contribution of the Supreme Court was the decision in Brown v. Board of Education and Eisenhower was not afraid to use federal forces to enforce the decision, though desegregated education made slow progress. The dominance of the Southern Democrats made Congress less able or willing to pursue civil rights but the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was passed. The counter arguments might well focus on lack of real progress with restrictions on voting continuing and only five black congressmen until the 1960s. 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Answers could weigh the relative importance of executive appointments and actions, Supreme Court decisions and some legislative action against grass roots organisation and activism. Eisenhower appointed a progressive Attorney General and Earl Warren to the Supreme Court in 1953, He carried on some promotion of equality, desegregating Washington and integrating the military, though was not a highly active or enthusiastic reformer. The most notable contribution of the Supreme Court was the decision in Brown v. Board of Education and Eisenhower was not afraid to use federal forces to enforce the decision, though desegregated education made slow progress. The dominance of the Southern Democrats made Congress less able or willing to pursue civil rights but the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was passed. The counter arguments might well focus on lack of real progress with restrictions on voting continuing and only five black congressmen until the 1960s. Comparison with the greater progress of the 1960s could be made, but the focus of the question is on the 1950s.

Despite the obstacles in Congress, the limited support from the presidents and ongoing opposition in the south, the nonviolent civil rights movement did succeed in moving public opinion. Support for the passage of civil rights legislation grew in Congress during the mid-1950s; due in large measure to developments in the country events, particularly the Brown v. Board of Education decision and the public reaction to the attempt to enforce it, with the results of a federal institution’s decision being displayed on TV not just in the US but the world, and the rise of effective Civil Rights protest movements.

Answers could look at the effects of federal policies and decisions on that development, but the focus of the question is on federal institutions – the presidency, congress and the Supreme Court.

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