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There could be a debate about whether the overall context of greater awareness of civil rights and victories in other fields were of more significance than a dramatic and well-publicised confrontation.\n\nOn 28 June 1969 the New York police raided the Stonewell Inn and arrested 13 people for not wearing gender appropriate clothing in public and supposed violation of liquor laws. The raid was conducted with some violence but there was a reaction and an angry crows forced the police to barricade themselves in the bar and call for help. A week of unrest followed in the neighbouring area of Christopher Square. The unusual reaction by gay people who were more likely to avoid confrontations was possibly influenced by civil rights actions and the protests have been seen as equivalent to the Rosa Parks protest. In the 1960s homosexuals were seen as outlaws, suffered legal discrimination, lived secret lives, were seen as suffering from illness or were viewed as criminals. They were barred from work in the federal government and the military and often suffered from employment discrimination. The laws in New York were particularly illiberal with thousands of yearly arrests. The significance of the riots was that the situation was seen as akin to the discrimination against ethnic minorities and women and that so many people were confident to openly protest and to represent gay rights as part of a civil rights protest. It led to the first gay rights marches – initially on a relatively small scale and then larger in the following year. It led to the Gay Liberation Front – modelled on protests about Vietnam – an alliance of previous groups but a step forward in terms of organisation. Gay Rights was established as a key element in the struggle for other civil rights and liberties, leading to a wave of new activist groups like the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) and the radical lesbian group Lavender Menace. 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The Stonewall Riots of 1969 became a symbol of resistance to discrimination and had wide-ranging consequences. It could be argued that older groups had begun the struggle, but Stonewall acted as a catalyst. There could be a debate about whether the overall context of greater awareness of civil rights and victories in other fields were of more significance than a dramatic and well-publicised confrontation.

On 28 June 1969 the New York police raided the Stonewell Inn and arrested 13 people for not wearing gender appropriate clothing in public and supposed violation of liquor laws. The raid was conducted with some violence but there was a reaction and an angry crows forced the police to barricade themselves in the bar and call for help. A week of unrest followed in the neighbouring area of Christopher Square. The unusual reaction by gay people who were more likely to avoid confrontations was possibly influenced by civil rights actions and the protests have been seen as equivalent to the Rosa Parks protest. In the 1960s homosexuals were seen as outlaws, suffered legal discrimination, lived secret lives, were seen as suffering from illness or were viewed as criminals. They were barred from work in the federal government and the military and often suffered from employment discrimination. The laws in New York were particularly illiberal with thousands of yearly arrests. The significance of the riots was that the situation was seen as akin to the discrimination against ethnic minorities and women and that so many people were confident to openly protest and to represent gay rights as part of a civil rights protest. It led to the first gay rights marches – initially on a relatively small scale and then larger in the following year. It led to the Gay Liberation Front – modelled on protests about Vietnam – an alliance of previous groups but a step forward in terms of organisation. Gay Rights was established as a key element in the struggle for other civil rights and liberties, leading to a wave of new activist groups like the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) and the radical lesbian group Lavender Menace. The movement went beyond the US, and there was a GLF in London and the movement became a global one. It has been argued that Stonewell did not start demands or organisations for gay rights but invigorated them and gave impetus and confidence. The much larger numbers which took part in the Christopher Street Memorial Day in 1970 announcing their sexuality openly and with pride was a direct consequence of Stonewall. The changes after 1970 were quite rapid. Federal exclusions on gays and lesbians were lifted, long-held beliefs that homosexuals needed medical treatment declined.

Harvey Milk became one of the first openly gay elected officials in the US, in 1977 in San Francisco. Two years later, about 100 000 people took part in a national march on Washington – the biggest gathering of gay people in history. Many of the state anti-sodomy laws were repealed in the 1980s, and the majority of Americans came to accept same sex relationships. There were other factors than Stonewall which influenced these changes, but it could be argued that Stonewall was a key turning point and the area has been designated a national monument.

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Assess the importance of the Stonewall Riots for the gay rights movement.

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2023 - M/J - 9489/43 | Q2

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