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This was often highly effective and articulate and helped by well-established stereotypes in the media. Some of the advocates of feminism seemed over threatening to middle America who linked other elements to feminism such as anti-war protests and black power even when these links were tenuous.\n\nPossible factors to assess could be the well organised and effective opposition by leading opponents particularly Phyllis Schlafly. She appealed to conservative opinion and based opposition on a blend of rational argument arguing that equality could lead to obligations to military service, loss of protection and alimony rights. It was argued that younger women would benefit more than older or working-class women who needed special protections. The more emotional appeal was to traditional values and the need for children to be brought up by their mothers. This divided women and prevented a united feminist front. The Daughters of the American Revolution provided an organisation to promote opposition to feminism and to block the Equal Rights Amendment. The wider context could also be considered. The ‘new right’ of the period which included a substantial element of religious-based conservatism saw feminism as eroding traditional values in a way that earlier demands for franchise did not and there was less support for equality by 1980 than there had been ten years earlier. The nature of feminist campaigns may have also been a factor. Unlike earlier campaigns the campaigns meetings and writings against sexism were more diffuse and the aims less specific. Influential writings such as ‘Sexual Politics’ were about attitudes. Topics discussed were health, abortion, (a divisive issue) marriage, divorce, sexuality, problems of older women which though did see improvements were a wide front of aims. 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The concern about the changing nature of US society in the period with the Civil Rights agitations and other social change did lead to a backlash of opposition. This was often highly effective and articulate and helped by well-established stereotypes in the media. Some of the advocates of feminism seemed over threatening to middle America who linked other elements to feminism such as anti-war protests and black power even when these links were tenuous.

Possible factors to assess could be the well organised and effective opposition by leading opponents particularly Phyllis Schlafly. She appealed to conservative opinion and based opposition on a blend of rational argument arguing that equality could lead to obligations to military service, loss of protection and alimony rights. It was argued that younger women would benefit more than older or working-class women who needed special protections. The more emotional appeal was to traditional values and the need for children to be brought up by their mothers. This divided women and prevented a united feminist front. The Daughters of the American Revolution provided an organisation to promote opposition to feminism and to block the Equal Rights Amendment. The wider context could also be considered. The ‘new right’ of the period which included a substantial element of religious-based conservatism saw feminism as eroding traditional values in a way that earlier demands for franchise did not and there was less support for equality by 1980 than there had been ten years earlier. The nature of feminist campaigns may have also been a factor. Unlike earlier campaigns the campaigns meetings and writings against sexism were more diffuse and the aims less specific. Influential writings such as ‘Sexual Politics’ were about attitudes. Topics discussed were health, abortion, (a divisive issue) marriage, divorce, sexuality, problems of older women which though did see improvements were a wide front of aims. Male attitudes remained entrenched and formed a major element of opposition and fundamental social change was not a vote winner in a period of growing conservatism and the development of the ‘silent majority exploited by Nixon. Also demands for reforms in civil rights in other areas did not always include support for the rights of women.

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