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The Great Crash, the Great Depression and the New Deal policies, 1920–41

(a) Explain why Roosevelt needed to encourage Southern Democrats to support the New Deal coalition.

(b) ‘Overproduction was the most serious problem facing US agriculture in the 1920s.’ How far do you agree?

23:T1b30,{ "questionId": "331870", "parts": [ { "partId": "a", "markschemeText": "Explain why Roosevelt needed to encourage Southern Democrats to support the New Deal coalition.\n\nIndicative content\n\n• Although he had a strong popular mandate in each election, Roosevelt needed the support of a majority in each house of Congress to achieve his New Deal aims. Representatives and Senators would not necessarily vote for laws along party lines.\n• Southern Democratic Congress representatives were often experienced politicians. They were influential and knew how to manage Congress because they were elected to Congress repeatedly so had many years of experience in Congressional politics. They formed an influential bloc whose support was needed if New Deal bills were to pass into law.\n• Southern Democrats might oppose New Deal bills on the grounds they undermined states’ rights or that they specifically helped African Americans too much. States’ rights were very important to southerners; laws giving federal control over aspects of the economy could be considered to violate states’ rights. Roosevelt needed to encourage Southern Democrats to join his coalition to ensure their support, as their opposition would mean New Deal laws would not be passed by both houses.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 10, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Although he had a strong popular mandate in each election, Roosevelt needed the support of a majority in each house of Congress to achieve his New Deal aims. Representatives and Senators would not necessarily vote for laws along party lines.

\n ", "marks": 4, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Southern Democratic Congress representatives were often experienced politicians. They were influential and knew how to manage Congress because they were elected to Congress repeatedly so had many years of experience in Congressional politics. They formed an influential bloc whose support was needed if New Deal bills were to pass into law.

\n ", "marks": 3, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Southern Democrats might oppose New Deal bills on the grounds they undermined states’ rights or that they specifically helped African Americans too much. States’ rights were very important to southerners; laws giving federal control over aspects of the economy could be considered to violate states’ rights. Roosevelt needed to encourage Southern Democrats to join his coalition to ensure their support, as their opposition would mean New Deal laws would not be passed by both houses.

\n ", "marks": 3, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." } ] }, { "partId": "b", "markschemeText": "‘Over-production was the most serious problem facing US agriculture in the 1920s.’ How far do you agree?\n\nIndicative content\n\nThe agricultural sector of the economy was depressed throughout the 1920s for a variety of reasons. The market was relatively inelastic as there was a limit to how much food was needed by a population. With immigration declining due to quotas, there was relatively little increase in domestic demand. Meanwhile demand for exports declined. As a result, there was over-production. During the First World War American farmers had benefited from exporting to Europe and farm prices had increased markedly. They had also begun to cultivate less-productive, marginal land. When the war ended, exports to Europe declined. Food prices consequently decreased. However, agriculture was not able to respond to this decrease in demand. The only way for farmers to make more money was to produce more. However, this created surpluses which further depressed prices. With most farmers operating on a small scale, they had no control over prices.\n\nDespite 40% of Americans being involved in agriculture there was little federal interest in the plight of farmers, and it was difficult to know how to help such a diverse industry. When bills were introduced to allow federal government to purchase surpluses, they were vetoed by President Coolidge. The high level of debt was also a problem. Sharecroppers were already mired in debt. During the First World War, with prices high, more farmers had borrowed money to buy more land and machinery. Low prices meant they struggled to repay debts. This created a cycle of poverty from which they could not escape.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 20, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

The agricultural sector of the economy was depressed throughout the 1920s for a variety of reasons. The market was relatively inelastic as there was a limit to how much food was needed by a population. With immigration declining due to quotas, there was relatively little increase in domestic demand. Meanwhile demand for exports declined. As a result, there was over-production. During the First World War American farmers had benefited from exporting to Europe and farm prices had increased markedly. They had also begun to cultivate less-productive, marginal land. When the war ended, exports to Europe declined. Food prices consequently decreased. However, agriculture was not able to respond to this decrease in demand. The only way for farmers to make more money was to produce more. However, this created surpluses which further depressed prices. With most farmers operating on a small scale, they had no control over prices.

\n ", "marks": 10, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Despite 40% of Americans being involved in agriculture there was little federal interest in the plight of farmers, and it was difficult to know how to help such a diverse industry. When bills were introduced to allow federal government to purchase surpluses, they were vetoed by President Coolidge. The high level of debt was also a problem. Sharecroppers were already mired in debt. During the First World War, with prices high, more farmers had borrowed money to buy more land and machinery. Low prices meant they struggled to repay debts. This created a cycle of poverty from which they could not escape.

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