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The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920

(a) Explain why the term ‘robber barons’ was used to describe some late nineteenth-century industrialists.

(b) ‘The Progressive Movement was successful in achieving its aims.’ How far do you agree with this view?

23:T1ae8,{ "questionId": "331883", "parts": [ { "partId": "a", "markschemeText": "Explain why the term ‘robber barons’ was used to describe some late nineteenth-century industrialists.\n\nWell known industrialists of the era who were called robber barons included Andrew Carnegie (steel), Jay Gould (railroads), J P Morgan (finance), J D Rockefeller (oil) and Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads), though there were others. Reasons why they were given this title included:\n• The belief that they had gained their great wealth and power by using methods which were illegal, immoral and unjust, for example, bribery, share dealings and manipulation.\n• The belief that these men and their methods were a major cause of the growing inequalities of the Gilded Age, as they exploited the efforts of the workers.\n• The power of the image of robber barons was used by those keen to criticise the very wealthy few, for example, by liberal journalists and historians.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 10, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

The belief that they had gained their great wealth and power by using methods which were illegal, immoral and unjust, for example, bribery, share dealings and manipulation.

\n ", "marks": 4, "guideline": "Well known industrialists of the era who were called robber barons included Andrew Carnegie (steel), Jay Gould (railroads), J P Morgan (finance), J D Rockefeller (oil) and Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads), though there were others. Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

The belief that these men and their methods were a major cause of the growing inequalities of the Gilded Age, as they exploited the efforts of the workers.

\n ", "marks": 3, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

The power of the image of robber barons was used by those keen to criticise the very wealthy few, for example, by liberal journalists and historians.

\n ", "marks": 3, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." } ] }, { "partId": "b", "markschemeText": "‘The Progressive Movement was successful in achieving its aims.’ How far do you agree with this view?\n\n• The Progressive Movement was a broad-based series of groups and individuals who wanted to reform the worst aspects of modern life to uphold the best features of US life. The three Presidents of this era, two Republican, Theodore Roosevelt and Robert Taft, and one Democrat, Woodrow Wilson, can all be labelled as Progressives. Their reforms were political (to give the people more power), economic (to regulate and control the worst elements of US capitalism) and moral (Prohibition).\n• In arguing that the Progressive Movement was successful, they achieved the passage of political reforms such as direct elections for US Senators, party primaries, referenda and initiatives and votes for women. Also, they improved regulation of business, especially big business via trust-busting laws and policies, food and drugs laws and railroad fares; government financial policies through the Federal Reserve Board, federal income tax. There was increased investment in conservation with the growth of national parks, especially under Theodore Roosevelt.\n• In arguing that the Progressive Movement was less successful, many reforms, particularly political and regulatory, had a limited impact. Prohibition was passed in 1919, but its implementation caused more problems, such as crime. It has also been argued that there was neglect of the African American society, especially during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson, who was a Southern Democrat.\n\nCandidates may discuss the more pronounced successes of Progressive ideas in states which were led by Progressive governors, for example, Robert M La Folette in Wisconsin and Hiram Johnson in California.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 20, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

The Progressive Movement was a broad-based series of groups and individuals who wanted to reform the worst aspects of modern life to uphold the best features of US life. The three Presidents of this era, two Republican, Theodore Roosevelt and Robert Taft, and one Democrat, Woodrow Wilson, can all be labelled as Progressives. Their reforms were political (to give the people more power), economic (to regulate and control the worst elements of US capitalism) and moral (Prohibition).

\n ", "marks": 5, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

In arguing that the Progressive Movement was successful, they achieved the passage of political reforms such as direct elections for US Senators, party primaries, referenda and initiatives and votes for women. Also, they improved regulation of business, especially big business via trust-busting laws and policies, food and drugs laws and railroad fares; government financial policies through the Federal Reserve Board, federal income tax. There was increased investment in conservation with the growth of national parks, especially under Theodore Roosevelt.

\n ", "marks": 5, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

In arguing that the Progressive Movement was less successful, many reforms, particularly political and regulatory, had a limited impact. Prohibition was passed in 1919, but its implementation caused more problems, such as crime. It has also been argued that there was neglect of the African American society, especially during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson, who was a Southern Democrat.

\n ", "marks": 5, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Candidates may discuss the more pronounced successes of Progressive ideas in states which were led by Progressive governors, for example, Robert M La Folette in Wisconsin and Hiram Johnson in California.

\n ", "marks": 5, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." } ] } ], "totalMarks": 30 }13:[["$","script",null,{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"$20"}}],["$","$L21",null,{"quiz":"$11:1:props:quiz","question":{"id":331883,"question_type":"LONG_ANSWER_QUESTION","quiz_board":"CIE","difficulty_level":2,"created_at":"2026-11-04T13:30:06.83145+00:00","updated_at":"2026-11-04T13:30:07.559765+00:00","uuid":"23102999-5c57-4ba5-b158-e140b9ebbc67","supported_files":[],"lexical_content":null,"width":null,"height":null,"description":"The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920\n (a) Explain why the term 'robber barons' was used to describe some late nineteenth-century industrialists. [10]\n (b) 'The Progressive Movement was successful in achieving its aims.' How far do you agree with this view? [20]","answer_id":null,"has_numbered_choices":false,"choices_in_body":null,"choices":[],"question_explanations":[],"topic_questions":[{"topic":{"id":9172,"name":"Monopolies, trusts and robber barons","__typename":"topics"},"__typename":"topic_questions"},{"topic":{"id":9181,"name":"Limits of the Progressive movement","__typename":"topics"},"__typename":"topic_questions"}],"board":{"student_data_booklets":[{"subject_id":1,"public_pdf_url":"https://files.sudostudy.com/976939779380c57b67f0192f17e8ae0d.pdf","__typename":"student_data_booklets"},{"subject_id":2,"public_pdf_url":"https://files.sudostudy.com/1a9e5bbd80542eb4b315c57ed1efd765.pdf","__typename":"student_data_booklets"}],"__typename":"quiz_boards"},"parent_question":null,"__typename":"questions"},"questionNumber":1,"questionHtml":"$undefined","isLatestExam":false,"examBoard":"CIE","excludedParts":[],"longQuestionData":{"questions":[{"id":331883,"uuid":"23102999-5c57-4ba5-b158-e140b9ebbc67","body":{"html":"$22","metadata":"$23"},"quiz_board":"CIE","subject_id":59,"difficulty_level":2,"topic_questions":[{"topic":{"id":9172,"name":"Monopolies, trusts and robber barons","__typename":"topics"},"__typename":"topic_questions"},{"topic":{"id":9181,"name":"Limits of the Progressive movement","__typename":"topics"},"__typename":"topic_questions"}],"quiz_questions":[{"question_number":1,"quiz":{"id":63480,"question_pdf":"https://files.sudostudy.com/question_2021_O_N_9489_22_us_history.pdf","answer_pdf":"https://files.sudostudy.com/answer_2021_O_N_9489_22_us_history.pdf","insert_paper_pdf":null,"paper_code":"O/N - 9489/22","year":2021,"data_files":null,"pre_release_materials":null,"__typename":"quizzes"},"__typename":"quiz_questions"}],"board":{"student_data_booklets":[{"subject_id":1,"public_pdf_url":"https://files.sudostudy.com/976939779380c57b67f0192f17e8ae0d.pdf","__typename":"student_data_booklets"},{"subject_id":2,"public_pdf_url":"https://files.sudostudy.com/1a9e5bbd80542eb4b315c57ed1efd765.pdf","__typename":"student_data_booklets"}],"__typename":"quiz_boards"},"__typename":"questions"}]}}]] 16:null 1a:[["$","title","0",{"children":"The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920\n (a)..."}],["$","meta","1",{"name":"description","content":"The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920\n (a) Explain why the term 'robber barons' was used to describe some late nineteenth-century industrialis..."}],["$","meta","2",{"name":"keywords","content":"A Levels,US History,CIE,2021,O/N - 9489/22,Monopolies,trusts and robber barons,Limits of the Progressive movement,practice questions,exam preparation"}],["$","meta","3",{"property":"og:title","content":"The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920\n (a)..."}],["$","meta","4",{"property":"og:description","content":"The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920\n (a) Explain why the term 'robber barons' was used to describe some late nineteenth-century industrialis..."}],["$","meta","5",{"property":"og:url","content":"https://sudostudy.com/quiz/63480/questions/1"}],["$","meta","6",{"property":"og:site_name","content":"SudoStudy"}],["$","meta","7",{"property":"og:type","content":"website"}],["$","meta","8",{"name":"twitter:card","content":"summary"}],["$","meta","9",{"name":"twitter:title","content":"The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920\n (a)..."}],["$","meta","10",{"name":"twitter:description","content":"The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920\n (a) Explain why the term 'robber barons' was used to describe some late nineteenth-century industrialis..."}]]

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