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The Stonewall riots took place in Greenwich village in New York in June 1969. The term describes clashes between police and gay men and women using the bar following a police raid. The disturbances continued over several nights and attracted a considerable amount of publicity. Police raids were common but this particular one brought about accusations of brutality and harassment and aroused a lot of sympathy in the US and widespread press coverage. The new element was the resistance to police actions.

There had been the development of gay organisations such as the Mattachine Society in Los Angeles in 1950 and the lesbian Daughters of Bilitis in San Francisco in 1956 but in terms of influencing opinion or resisting intimidation these groups had had limited impact. The Stonewall Riots attracted far more publicity and led to a much more widespread organisation called the Gay Liberation Front and then the Gay Activists Alliance which had a specific strategy to establish and protect gay rights. The greater activism was shown by the first Gay Pride marches in major cities, New York, Chicago and San Francisco. It has been argued that the 1970s saw an improvement in the rights and confidence of the gay community as a result of Stonewall. However, legal restrictions and hostility did persist and same sex marriage was not legal in all states until 2015.

There might be a discussion about whether the earlier campaigners and those who stood against homophobia in the McCarthy era were more of a turning point or alternatively whether the AIDS epidemic did more to develop solidarity and sympathy. However, for many Stonewall was on a level with other key turning points in civil rights.

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2021 - O/N - 9489/42 | Q2

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