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This was because drug use was portrayed as a threat to US society and national security in the planned War on Drugs announced in 1982. Thus, there were linked approaches. As well as efforts to stop the international trade, there was an effort to step up domestic enforcement, to campaign for greater education on the dangers of drugs and more treatment to end addiction. Foreign governments were to be involved and there was considerable stress put by the main policy maker Carlton Turner on persuading the US public to see both hard and soft drugs as a menace to the stability and health of society. Resources were made available to law enforcement and to federal drug treatment programmes. Legislation such as the anti-Drug Abuse Acts established a zero-tolerance policy with minimum penalties for drug offences and withdrawal of some public benefits on conviction. 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The Reagan administration took the strategic decision to widen the campaign against drugs to focus more on internal drug use. This was because drug use was portrayed as a threat to US society and national security in the planned War on Drugs announced in 1982. Thus, there were linked approaches. As well as efforts to stop the international trade, there was an effort to step up domestic enforcement, to campaign for greater education on the dangers of drugs and more treatment to end addiction. Foreign governments were to be involved and there was considerable stress put by the main policy maker Carlton Turner on persuading the US public to see both hard and soft drugs as a menace to the stability and health of society. Resources were made available to law enforcement and to federal drug treatment programmes. Legislation such as the anti-Drug Abuse Acts established a zero-tolerance policy with minimum penalties for drug offences and withdrawal of some public benefits on conviction. The government encouraged corporate and private funding of campaigns like ‘Just Say No’ which targeted young middle-class users and was supported by Nancy Reagan. Later campaigns boosted spending on prevention measures and educational policies.

Problems to be overcome were some diffusion of efforts and a confusion about whether this was a crime problem which needed rigorous police action or a social problems which required action to get to the root of motivations for drug use. The increasing social divides brought about by economic policy and issues of urban deprivation and limited public health care were often seen as an obstacle. The perception that drug use as principally an African American issue limited the overall effectiveness of actions. Also, the increased supply of cheaper heroin and cocaine was difficult to control. The lack of distinction between soft and hard drugs led to some lack of support and resources were not all directed towards the most pernicious and dangerous drug activities. The widespread drug use among Americans who were nor criminals or in poor housing and ghettos was sometimes compared to prohibition and was a barrier to success. Zero tolerance did not always reflect the changing social attitudes to drug use. The problems of containing the supply and importation of drugs from other countries were an obstacle as was the strength and ingenuity of organized crime groups.

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Assess the effectiveness of the war on drugs in the 1980s.

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2021 - O/N - 9489/42 | Q3

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