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The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920

(a) Explain why political machines and party bosses in the big cities were criticised by Progressives.

(b) To what extent did the rapid economic growth in the late nineteenth century benefit Americans?

23:T209e,{ "questionId": "331895", "parts": [ { "partId": "a", "markschemeText": "Explain why political machines and party bosses in the big cities were criticised by Progressives.\n\nIndicative content\n\n• One of the best known party machines was Boss Tweed’s organisation known as Tammany Hall, after the headquarters of a charity, St. Tammany. Tammany Hall politics meant the control of city government by a small group of individuals who conspired to their own material benefit by gaining control of key departments and the money they spent.\n• It also meant control of local elections as Tammany Hall politicians controlled the registration of electors and the conduct of elections. Thus, they could be sure that grateful voters would elect their friends, knowing that they would issue contracts which benefited both Tammany members, also known as the Tweed Ring, as well as their voters.\n• Party machines, and the Bosses that went with them, were unpopular with progressive reformers in particular because they abused both the electoral process and the conduct of city government mainly in their own self-interest.\n• However, there were other reasons that people disliked these machines – one of which was their support of immigrant groups. Tammany Hall defended Irish Catholics against State Militiamen when an Orange march was proposed in the city. They also included other European immigrant populations over time, embracing Germans, Jews, Italians, Poles, and others as they arrived, and later recruiting members of those groups to run for office. Although progressive-minded reformers saw this as using an ‘uneducated’ population; nativist groups also disliked some activities of the party machines.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 10, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Indicative content

One of the best known party machines was Boss Tweed’s organisation known as Tammany Hall, after the headquarters of a charity, St. Tammany. Tammany Hall politics meant the control of city government by a small group of individuals who conspired to their own material benefit by gaining control of key departments and the money they spent.
It also meant control of local elections as Tammany Hall politicians controlled the registration of electors and the conduct of elections. Thus, they could be sure that grateful voters would elect their friends, knowing that they would issue contracts which benefited both Tammany members, also known as the Tweed Ring, as well as their voters.
Party machines, and the Bosses that went with them, were unpopular with progressive reformers in particular because they abused both the electoral process and the conduct of city government mainly in their own self-interest.
However, there were other reasons that people disliked these machines – one of which was their support of immigrant groups. Tammany Hall defended Irish Catholics against State Militiamen when an Orange march was proposed in the city. They also included other European immigrant populations over time, embracing Germans, Jews, Italians, Poles, and others as they arrived, and later recruiting members of those groups to run for office. Although progressive-minded reformers saw this as using an ‘uneducated’ population; nativist groups also disliked some activities of the party machines.

\n ", "marks": 10, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." } ] }, { "partId": "b", "markschemeText": "To what extent did the rapid economic growth in the late nineteenth century benefit Americans?\n\nIndicative content\n\nCandidates will consider the benefits and problems caused by rapid economic growth. This discussion can be had by considering different groups of Americans and what the impact was on each group.\n\nPossible discussion of the benefits of rapid industrialisation:\n• Candidates may argue that one positive of rapid industrialisation was the increased organisation of workers – for example, American Federation of Labour, 1881. Various examples can be found of labour unrest resulting in conflict with the authorities but also some change in practices, i.e. Molly Maguires in Pennsylvania, 1874, Haymarket Affair, Chicago, 1886.\n• Candidates may also argue that the increased employment opportunities brought by rapid industrialisation ultimately benefited millions of workers including those arriving from overseas. The growth of the economy which was tied up with the Second Industrial Revolution made the United States rich and benefited all her citizens.\n\nPossible discussion of problems caused by rapid industrialisation:\n• Rapid industrialisation meant rapid urbanisation as more workers were needed to work the machines. Many of these workers were immigrants, from Europe mainly and from Asia. Many of the industrial cities lacked the facilities and infrastructure necessary to provide for the ‘huddled masses’ crowded around the factories.\n• Cities such as New York and Chicago grew rapidly. In the thirty years from 1870 to 1900, Chicago grew from 300 000 to 1.7 million. Growth on this scale put immense pressure on conditions in the city. Workers crowded into tenements close to their workplace, which lacked running water and thus were insanitary. Drunken and disorderly conduct counted for half of the 60 000 arrests in New York in 1889.\n• Economic depressions, for example, 1873 and 1893, did not help matters. These factors led to social instability if not effectively managed. ‘Social instability’ is best illustrated by strikes and demonstrations against living and working conditions, for example, long working hours.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 20, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Indicative content

Candidates will consider the benefits and problems caused by rapid economic growth. This discussion can be had by considering different groups of Americans and what the impact was on each group.

Possible discussion of the benefits of rapid industrialisation:

Candidates may argue that one positive of rapid industrialisation was the increased organisation of workers – for example, American Federation of Labour, 1881. Various examples can be found of labour unrest resulting in conflict with the authorities but also some change in practices, i.e. Molly Maguires in Pennsylvania, 1874, Haymarket Affair, Chicago, 1886.
Candidates may also argue that the increased employment opportunities brought by rapid industrialisation ultimately benefited millions of workers including those arriving from overseas. The growth of the economy which was tied up with the Second Industrial Revolution made the United States rich and benefited all her citizens.

Possible discussion of problems caused by rapid industrialisation:

Rapid industrialisation meant rapid urbanisation as more workers were needed to work the machines. Many of these workers were immigrants, from Europe mainly and from Asia. Many of the industrial cities lacked the facilities and infrastructure necessary to provide for the ‘huddled masses’ crowded around the factories.
Cities such as New York and Chicago grew rapidly. In the thirty years from 1870 to 1900, Chicago grew from 300 000 to 1.7 million. Growth on this scale put immense pressure on conditions in the city. Workers crowded into tenements close to their workplace, which lacked running water and thus were insanitary. Drunken and disorderly conduct counted for half of the 60 000 arrests in New York in 1889.
Economic depressions, for example, 1873 and 1893, did not help matters. These factors led to social instability if not effectively managed. ‘Social instability’ is best illustrated by strikes and demonstrations against living and working conditions, for example, long working hours.

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