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It was largely due to activist pressure groups that AIDs was seen as a disability eligible for Medicaid. There was more success in getting local government support for AIDS sufferers e.g. at San Francisco. Not until the end of 1985 did the federal Government take a more active role when Reagan acknowledged the scale of the problem and a coordinated federal response began to relieve the pressure on cities. There was a special commission – the Watkins Commission on the issue and in 1987 the Department of Health launched a campaign of information to help with control and prevention. There was cooperation between States and the federal government to notify outbreaks. When a new drug ATZ became available Congress allocated $30m to help states acquire it and offer treatment to help poorer sufferers. 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Indicative content

AIDS was widely seen as an epidemic by 1979, but limited federal action was taken. Federal health spending was cut, and Reagan and the Republicans’ supporters were unsympathetic to ‘a gay plague’. It was largely due to activist pressure groups that AIDs was seen as a disability eligible for Medicaid. There was more success in getting local government support for AIDS sufferers e.g. at San Francisco. Not until the end of 1985 did the federal Government take a more active role when Reagan acknowledged the scale of the problem and a coordinated federal response began to relieve the pressure on cities. There was a special commission – the Watkins Commission on the issue and in 1987 the Department of Health launched a campaign of information to help with control and prevention. There was cooperation between States and the federal government to notify outbreaks. When a new drug ATZ became available Congress allocated $30m to help states acquire it and offer treatment to help poorer sufferers. Though seemingly progressive, the official response was hampered by the Helms Amendment of 1988 requiring all federally funded programmes to recommend abstinence and impeded information by restricting any approval of homosexual behaviour.

Under George H. W. Bush HIV/AIDS activism led to discrimination against HIV-positive citizens becoming illegal. The passage of the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act in 1990 saw new agencies, organisations and funding structures that allowed localities to provide health care and prescription drugs, as well as transportation, case management and other supportive services, to needy HIV patients. AIDS patients gained protection under the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS Act became a critical programme for those with HIV/AIDS and helped demonstrate the power of housing programmes to improve their health Clinton created the role of National AIDS Policy Coordinator. From 1995 to 2001 yearly increases of between 9.7 and 15.5 per cent in federal spending on HIV/AIDS, for a total increase of 73 per cent, or $4.87 billion. Although a vaccine has proved elusive, Clinton initiatives helped make it a major focus of scientific effort. So, it could be argued that conservative hostility meant support was initially limited and even when the authorities addressed the problem it still impeded progress.

There could be a discussion about the relative importance of the impact of pressure groups and campaigns. State and city authorities and the Federal government

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