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It could be considered that by encouraging liberal capitalism and improving infrastructure such as highways and by being enterprise friendly with generally low taxes Eisenhower met the needs pf a stable and prosperous suburban white America. More critical views might point to enduring inequalities and limited support for civil rights despite a few areas of progress. He pursued a policy sometimes called Modern Republicanism. The modern aspects helped Americans who had benefited from the New Deal and the Fair Deal by not returning to the pre-Roosevelt era and maintaining social security. He set up a new Department of Health, Education and Welfare, extended social security to the self-employed and increased the minimum wage. The economic growth of the 1950s helped prosperity and the Federal Aid Highway Act was a considerable public works scheme creating 40 000 miles of interstate highways. Combined with a high level of federal military spending, federal policy created jobs and expanded infrastructure to help economic growth, Eisenhower did not institute tax cuts before the budget was balanced despite conservative pressure. The confidence of the Eisenhower era was reflected in population growth, urban and suburban developments, consumerism and industrial and technological growth. How much was a result of Eisenhower’s domestic policies can be argued but he did not retreat from federal expenditure and maintained social security and his administration saw a growth in unionised labour.\n\nCritics point out the regional variations and the persistent inequality and it could be argued that key groups did not benefit – African Americans remained economically disadvantaged and the continuation of termination policies towards Native Americans ending their special status and attempting to integrate them led to hardship. There was little done for female equality and the administration was socially conservative. Caution characterised Eisenhower’s policy towards the ongoing influence of McCarthy but he resisted investigation into White House Staff and supported opposition to campaigns against the army. Reluctant to stand up to the Red Scare too openly, Eisenhower worked against it behind the scenes to the benefit of groups in the US vulnerable to attacks. The government was hostile to immigration and in, 1954, Eisenhower launched Operation Wetback in response to increasing illegal immigration to the United States. As many as three million illegal immigrants had crossed into the U.S. Eisenhower opposed this movement, believing that it lowered the wages of U.S. workers. The Immigration and Naturalization Service sent about 80 000 immigrants back to Mexico. On Civil Rights, Eisenhower’s instincts were conservative but he saw it as his duty to back the Brown judgements and sent troops to Little Rock in 1957 in a well-publicised act of enforcement. Relatively limited action was taken to ensure that desegregation was put into practice, however. There was new Civil Rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 which established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about voting rights abuses. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875. African Americans got some support but major inequalities and key issues about voting were not tackled.", "totalMarks": 30, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Much will depend on what groups are considered and what responses take to be their needs. It could be considered that by encouraging liberal capitalism and improving infrastructure such as highways and by being enterprise friendly with generally low taxes Eisenhower met the needs pf a stable and prosperous suburban white America. More critical views might point to enduring inequalities and limited support for civil rights despite a few areas of progress. He pursued a policy sometimes called Modern Republicanism. The modern aspects helped Americans who had benefited from the New Deal and the Fair Deal by not returning to the pre-Roosevelt era and maintaining social security. He set up a new Department of Health, Education and Welfare, extended social security to the self-employed and increased the minimum wage. The economic growth of the 1950s helped prosperity and the Federal Aid Highway Act was a considerable public works scheme creating 40 000 miles of interstate highways. Combined with a high level of federal military spending, federal policy created jobs and expanded infrastructure to help economic growth, Eisenhower did not institute tax cuts before the budget was balanced despite conservative pressure. The confidence of the Eisenhower era was reflected in population growth, urban and suburban developments, consumerism and industrial and technological growth. How much was a result of Eisenhower’s domestic policies can be argued but he did not retreat from federal expenditure and maintained social security and his administration saw a growth in unionised labour.

Critics point out the regional variations and the persistent inequality and it could be argued that key groups did not benefit – African Americans remained economically disadvantaged and the continuation of termination policies towards Native Americans ending their special status and attempting to integrate them led to hardship. There was little done for female equality and the administration was socially conservative. Caution characterised Eisenhower’s policy towards the ongoing influence of McCarthy but he resisted investigation into White House Staff and supported opposition to campaigns against the army. Reluctant to stand up to the Red Scare too openly, Eisenhower worked against it behind the scenes to the benefit of groups in the US vulnerable to attacks. The government was hostile to immigration and in, 1954, Eisenhower launched Operation Wetback in response to increasing illegal immigration to the United States. As many as three million illegal immigrants had crossed into the U.S. Eisenhower opposed this movement, believing that it lowered the wages of U.S. workers. The Immigration and Naturalization Service sent about 80 000 immigrants back to Mexico. On Civil Rights, Eisenhower’s instincts were conservative but he saw it as his duty to back the Brown judgements and sent troops to Little Rock in 1957 in a well-publicised act of enforcement. Relatively limited action was taken to ensure that desegregation was put into practice, however. There was new Civil Rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 which established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about voting rights abuses. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875. African Americans got some support but major inequalities and key issues about voting were not tackled.

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