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Answers might define the term by considering the relative powers and importance of the executive and congress and by noting the growth in size of presidential staffs and authority wielded, so that the scope of federal authority generally and presidents in particulars increased. The term ‘imperial presidency’ comes from the early 1970s. Aspects of a growing presidential authority in the twentieth century could be seen as offering a distinct agenda for legislation, taking foreign policy decisions independently and sanctioning military action. Executive orders were used to make important changes. Thus, Nixon inherited a presidency whose power had increased through the need to respond to emergencies of war and massive economic depression. His actions had aspects of this imperial presidency by refusing to spend money appropriated by Congress; by claiming executive privilege to avoid disclosing to Congress information; but broadening the role and power of officials and by taking vital decisions such as bombing in Southeast Asia without the approval of Congress. So in the first part of the 1970s the statement could be challenged.

However, with the abuse of power, Congress managed to claw back authority and it might be see that Watergate marked a decisive change. The Imperial presidency was weakened by the War Powers Act of 1973 restricting the power of the president to commit forces in foreign combat for more than 90 days without Congressional approval. Congress provided public financing of presidential elections, public disclosure of sources of funding, limits on private campaign contributions and spending, and to enforce campaign finance laws by an independent Federal Election Commission. Branch. Congress required the attorney general to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate accusations of illegal activities. A Congressional Budget Office was set up, and Congress forbade a president to impound funds without its approval. To open government to public scrutiny, Congress opened more committee deliberations and enacted the Freedom of Information Act: the declassification of government documents could be demanded by press and public. However, the extent of the assault on the imperial presidency can be questioned The War Powers Act has never been invoked. Campaign financing reform did not fully restrict special interests influencing with politicians or the capacity of the very rich to outspend opponents.

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2023 - O/N - 9489/41 | Q2

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