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In return for being able to buy anti-tank missiles, Iran worked for release of American hostages being released from captivity by groups in Lebanon. The money from the sales was then used to fund the Contra anti-communist guerrillas fighting against the Marxist government in Nicaragua. All the elements involved seemed to show a foreign policy that was out of control by Congress, delivered by figures like Colonel Oliver North rather than usual diplomatic personnel and having little concern for normal ethics. Reagan had committed to not negotiating with terrorists and hostage-takers. Congress had explicitly placed an embargo on weapons sales to Iran. In addition, the Boland amendment had limited assistance to the Contras. The evidence of their torture and murder of civilians raised ethical and human rights issues as well as issues of US undermining governments and pushing influence in Latin America that seemed more redolent of earlier policies. 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The Iran-Contra affair had the potential to be politically devastating for Reagan. It involved an exchange of weapons for hostages. In return for being able to buy anti-tank missiles, Iran worked for release of American hostages being released from captivity by groups in Lebanon. The money from the sales was then used to fund the Contra anti-communist guerrillas fighting against the Marxist government in Nicaragua. All the elements involved seemed to show a foreign policy that was out of control by Congress, delivered by figures like Colonel Oliver North rather than usual diplomatic personnel and having little concern for normal ethics. Reagan had committed to not negotiating with terrorists and hostage-takers. Congress had explicitly placed an embargo on weapons sales to Iran. In addition, the Boland amendment had limited assistance to the Contras. The evidence of their torture and murder of civilians raised ethical and human rights issues as well as issues of US undermining governments and pushing influence in Latin America that seemed more redolent of earlier policies. The key political point as that the administration was seeming to act illegally. The way that information about these activities emerged through investigative reporters seemed to show a lack of openness. A major political issue was the presidential style of Reagan. While he concerned himself with broad brush strategies, he seemed to be content to allow subordinates a high degree of attitude, which his opponents claimed showed that he was out of control – something that resonated with criticisms of Nixon earlier. An important point was that all this put Reagan in a position where he might have been impeached. However, there was a gap between the theoretical importance of the issues raised by the affair and the actual political consequences. Reagan claimed that though he had condoned the measures to free hostages – which seemed a valid humanitarian concern and a better way forward than attempted military action, he did not know about the more contentious diverting of money to Nicaragua. The public was not faced with a foreign policy which involved dangerous military commitment or loss of US military and were relatively indifferent to the issues. Reagan rode the storm and there was more interest in domestic policy. Answers should analyse the political issues rather than merely describing events and could consider why the affair did not have the major consequences for Reagan that might have been expected.

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Assess the political importance of the Iran–Contra Affair.

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2023 - O/N - 9489/43 | Q3

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