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The USSR faced economic problems and it suited both sides to pursue détente – Helsinki in 1975 and the SALT talks to affirm the territorial status quo and to limited weapons to ease economic pressures. However, there remained issues beneath the surface. Both sides supported covert operations, spying and supported paramilitary groups in Africa and South America. So, a proxy Cold War continued. So did Cold War fears. Concerns about Soviet military strength led to Carter increasing military expenditure and within both the US and USSRs government there were hardliners. A key event which prompted these tensions to become more open and to undermine détente and bring about a so called Second Cold War was the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. This seemed redolent of interventions in eastern Europe which had stoked the first Cold War and gave rise to strategic anxieties about Soviet ambitions in Asia. 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During the 1970s here were special circumstances which led to an easing of tensions. The US faced a reaction to the failure in Vietnam and a preoccupation with domestic issues. The USSR faced economic problems and it suited both sides to pursue détente – Helsinki in 1975 and the SALT talks to affirm the territorial status quo and to limited weapons to ease economic pressures. However, there remained issues beneath the surface. Both sides supported covert operations, spying and supported paramilitary groups in Africa and South America. So, a proxy Cold War continued. So did Cold War fears. Concerns about Soviet military strength led to Carter increasing military expenditure and within both the US and USSRs government there were hardliners. A key event which prompted these tensions to become more open and to undermine détente and bring about a so called Second Cold War was the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. This seemed redolent of interventions in eastern Europe which had stoked the first Cold War and gave rise to strategic anxieties about Soviet ambitions in Asia. It led to a US blockade and a boycott of the 1980 Olympics.

The rise of the right and the election of Reagan who took a more distinct ideological stance than his predecessors, bolstered by Thatcher and determined to overcome the isolationism of the post-Vietnam period. Anti-Soviet rhetoric, support for Afghan resistance and increases in military spending fuelled the breakdown in relations. The Soviet leaders were veterans of the Cold War era with an inherited distrust of the US. Reagan’s rhetoric was redolent of the Truman era with predictions that Marxism would collapse and accusations that the ‘evil empire’ was stifling freedom. Soviet leaders accused him of ‘lunatic anti-Communism’ As with the First Cold War, ideological rhetoric boosted by British support and fears of expansion led to arms increases. Arms spending increased in the US by $130b. Pershing II missiles were placed in Germany and the Strategic Defence Initiative brought about a new era in technological defence weaponry. The massive spending – some $100 billion was a major factor in stoking Soviet fears and intensifying the Second Cold War. It was a war launched by the US arguably with the explicit intention of winning a victory over a declining USSR tied up in Afghanistan and with a declining economy unable to sustain a competition with high tech weapons – not merely containing. The shooting down of a South Korean airliner in 1983 seemed to suggest that the USSR was a ruthless regime careless of human life but its avoidance of war in the 1980s when faced with seeming missile strikes from the US seems to confirm that they did not want to push the Second Cold War to the limit. For Reagan and Thatcher, repression in the USSR and the satellites, the maintenance of the Berlin Wall and the invasion of Afghanistan, together with the arsenal of weapons and the spying and covert activities were justification; however, the moves towards greater armaments and the distinct aim of pressuring the USSR to a point to which it could collapse might indicate US responsibility for a dangerous move away from the 1970s policies driven by a distinct political agenda and recovery from post-Vietnam weakness.

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2023 - O/N - 9489/43 | Q4

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