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Discussion could focus on the idea of ‘highly’ successful as, despite the considerable range of measures, many of which were targeted on real needs which did need addressing, there were limitations. The Great Society reforms had their admirers, and the sheer range of domestic changes amounts to what has been seen as the most active and extensive period of government action in domestic affairs since the New Deal. The Great Society aimed to end poverty and racial injustice, improve health, education and the environment. Key elements were the Office of Economic Opportunity and the creation of a Job Corps. Johnson urged states to follow the Federal example of work training and saw better education as a way out of poverty and also a key to economic growth. 140 000 people were funded to attend college. There was help to provide community action programmes, training for volunteers to support poor communities, help for older people re-entering work and loans for employers to take on unemployed workers.

Many however saw changes in healthcare as the major achievement with Medicare and Medicaid and the Older Americans Act: statistics indicate an increase in life expectancy as a result. Education was supported by the Head Start Project and 500 000 children from three to five got preschool education. An Act of 1965 allocated federal funding for school districts where there were high levels of poverty. There was federal support for the arts through the 1965 National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities. Concern for the environment also resulted in legislation for cleaner air and water and the creation of scenic trails and protection of rivers and wildlife. The Consumer Product Safety Commission protected consumers and there was a measure to ensure children were protected from potentially dangerous toys.

The objections from the free-market critics were that the reforms gave rise to a series of unintended consequences. These included the weakening and break-up of groups and families due to dependency on government programs; the emergence of an “entitlement mentality” that taxpayer-funded transfers from the government were as legitimate as a source of income as earning a living from a private-sector job; the restriction of those on welfare in isolated, poorly-managed, and increasingly crime-infested public housing projects; and the deterioration of educational standards in public schools, especially in inner city areas of the country. Critics on the left argued that many of the reforms were inadequate and the Civil Rights legislation did not address social and economic equalities. Institutional racism remained a problem and the wave of unrest even after the acts indicated limitations and too much focus on purely political rights. It was argued that opportunities were lost for a complete national health system and that measures were underfunded because too much was attempted in too many fields.

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2024 - O/N - 9489/43 | Q2

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