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His policies did show some vision as with the 'new federalism' plan of returning a percentage of federal tax revenues to state and local governments to give greater local freedom. He did not pursue reactionary spending policies and the proportion of the national budget going to social welfare programmes increased from 40 to 53% with benefits rising to meet problems brought about by rising prices and expansion of Medicare and Medicaid. There was a substantial programme to combat cancer with national cancer centres.\n\nIt could also be argued that the ending of the draft in 1973 moved the US military towards a more professional volunteer force. Nixon was also concerned with environmental issues and he founded the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 and his administration saw regulation on clean air and water and also marine mammal protection. The administration did see extensions of civil rights for example by legislation against discrimination against women entering colleges and universities receiving federal aid, by measures giving Native Americans greater self-determination and ending forced assimilation and by progress in desegregation of southern schools. Young people benefited by a lowering of the voting age by the 26th Amendment. Though the attempts to control drug related crime were variable, there were successes in combating organised crime through the FBI and Special Task Forces. Nixon's conservatism was more evident in his Supreme Court appointment and the Burger Court did find that the states could cap the amount of money paid to welfare recipients if they chose, basically rejecting the idea that welfare was a national right. However, it upheld environmental and health and safety legislation and was responsible for the liberal Roe v Wade judgement.\n\nMore critical analysis argued that ending the Gold Standard pushed the value of the dollar down as did a 10% tax on imports fuelling inflation. There was contemporary criticism of controls of prices and wages, and it was argued that prices rose and the US was driven into low growth and high unemployment. There was some inconstancy in his policy. He vetoed the Occupational Health and Safety Act in 1970 and his major policy of boosting family incomes by the Family Assistance Plan was insufficient for Democratic support and too radical for Republicans and was still born. This inconsistency is shown by his stated opposition to busing while actually supporting the Supreme Court decision on it and his promotion of anti-segregation measures.\n\nThe results of 'law and order policies' were variable and the war on Drugs was not effective. The support for repression of dissent and radicalism as in the Kent State shootings and the violent suppression of Black Panthers went against his stated policy of uniting America and his own misuse of authority in the Watergate affair cast doubts on his domestic achievements.\n\n[30 marks]", "totalMarks": 30, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Assess the effectiveness of Nixon's domestic policies.

Advocates for Nixon have argued that he responded to the problems of inflation and stagnation in a practical way, despite being in theory an opponent of intervention, in the 'new economic policy' by a wage and price freeze with a devaluation of the dollar hoping for more exports and deregulation to stimulate growth. His policies did show some vision as with the 'new federalism' plan of returning a percentage of federal tax revenues to state and local governments to give greater local freedom. He did not pursue reactionary spending policies and the proportion of the national budget going to social welfare programmes increased from 40 to 53% with benefits rising to meet problems brought about by rising prices and expansion of Medicare and Medicaid. There was a substantial programme to combat cancer with national cancer centres.

It could also be argued that the ending of the draft in 1973 moved the US military towards a more professional volunteer force. Nixon was also concerned with environmental issues and he founded the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 and his administration saw regulation on clean air and water and also marine mammal protection. The administration did see extensions of civil rights for example by legislation against discrimination against women entering colleges and universities receiving federal aid, by measures giving Native Americans greater self-determination and ending forced assimilation and by progress in desegregation of southern schools. Young people benefited by a lowering of the voting age by the \$26^{\\text {th}}\$ Amendment. Though the attempts to control drug related crime were variable, there were successes in combating organised crime through the FBI and Special Task Forces. Nixon's conservatism was more evident in his Supreme Court appointment and the Burger Court did find that the states could cap the amount of money paid to welfare recipients if they chose, basically rejecting the idea that welfare was a national right. However, it upheld environmental and health and safety legislation and was responsible for the liberal Roe v Wade judgement.

More critical analysis argued that ending the Gold Standard pushed the value of the dollar down as did a 10% tax on imports fuelling inflation. There was contemporary criticism of controls of prices and wages, and it was argued that prices rose and the US was driven into low growth and high unemployment. There was some inconstancy in his policy. He vetoed the Occupational Health and Safety Act in 1970 and his major policy of boosting family incomes by the Family Assistance Plan was insufficient for Democratic support and too radical for Republicans and was still born. This inconsistency is shown by his stated opposition to busing while actually supporting the Supreme Court decision on it and his promotion of anti-segregation measures.

The results of 'law and order policies' were variable and the war on Drugs was not effective. The support for repression of dissent and radicalism as in the Kent State shootings and the violent suppression of Black Panthers went against his stated policy of uniting America and his own misuse of authority in the Watergate affair cast doubts on his domestic achievements.

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Assess the effectiveness of Nixon’s domestic policies.

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