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The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s–1920

(a) Explain why the movement for female emancipation remained split throughout the late nineteenth century.

(b) How far do you agree that Progressive reforms were more successful at state than at federal level?

23:T16f8,{ "questionId": "331954", "parts": [ { "partId": "a", "markschemeText": "5(a) Explain why the movement for female emancipation remained split throughout the late nineteenth century.\n\nIndicative content\n• The initial split had come in 1869 as the movement was divided in its attitude to the Fifteenth Amendment. The issue of relative worthiness to vote was also raised in relation to foreign-born men.\n• Throughout the period there was disagreement about the main focus of the movement – should it be the vote or were other socio-economic issues (e.g. Temperance, Child Labour) with which it should be linked? In other words, should women’s organisations focus on a single issue?\n• There was also disagreement about the methods to be used: persuasion vs. actions (including violent actions).\n• Religions division – more fundamentalist religious groups were often strongly opposed to female emancipation\n• There were differences between State and Federal responses to the issue\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 10, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

The initial split had come in 1869 as the movement was divided in its attitude to the Fifteenth Amendment. The issue of relative worthiness to vote was also raised in relation to foreign-born men.

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Throughout the period there was disagreement about the main focus of the movement – should it be the vote or were other socio-economic issues (e.g. Temperance, Child Labour) with which it should be linked? In other words, should women’s organisations focus on a single issue?

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

There was also disagreement about the methods to be used: persuasion vs. actions (including violent actions).

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Religions division – more fundamentalist religious groups were often strongly opposed to female emancipation

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

There were differences between State and Federal responses to the issue

\n ", "marks": 2, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." } ] }, { "partId": "b", "markschemeText": "5(b) How far do you agree that Progressive reforms were more successful at state than at federal level?\n\nIndicative content\nState reform began in Illinois and Michigan then taken up by other states. especially Wisconsin under La Follette. The impulse towards social justice began at state level. For example, at state level, laws were introduced to regulate banks and businesses, limit the working hours of women and children, and protect workers from accidents at work. Arguably these reforms had a greater impact on the lives of Americans than federal government actions.\n\nFederal government passed the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments making the US a more democratic country. Roosevelt intervened on behalf of workers, for example, miners. There were moves to break trusts and limit monopolies. Federal government took the initiative regarding working conditions for federal employees. Federal government was limited by the constitution regarding states’ rights in many areas. This limited the possibility for reform at federal level. In addition, each Progressive President had different views about the role of federal government, and much legislation was blocked by conservatives in Congress.\n\nAccept any other valid responses.", "totalMarks": 20, "answerPoints": [ { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

State reform began in Illinois and Michigan then taken up by other states. especially Wisconsin under La Follette. The impulse towards social justice began at state level. For example, at state level, laws were introduced to regulate banks and businesses, limit the working hours of women and children, and protect workers from accidents at work. Arguably these reforms had a greater impact on the lives of Americans than federal government actions.

\n ", "marks": 10, "guideline": "Accept any other valid responses." }, { "type": "", "point": "\n \n

Federal government passed the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments making the US a more democratic country. Roosevelt intervened on behalf of workers, for example, miners. There were moves to break trusts and limit monopolies. Federal government took the initiative regarding working conditions for federal employees. Federal government was limited by the constitution regarding states’ rights in many areas. This limited the possibility for reform at federal level. In addition, each Progressive President had different views about the role of federal government, and much legislation was blocked by conservatives in Congress.

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